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The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 1313 Definition This syndrome is characterized by intellectual deficit, calcification of the choroid plexus, and elevated levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein. It has been described in two sibships from two unrelated families. The seven…

Periventricular heterotopia is a condition in which the nerve cells (neurons) do not migrate properly during early development of the fetal brain. People with this condition typically develop recurrent seizures (epilepsy) beginning in mid-adolescence.[1] Intelligence is usually normal, but some people may have mild intellectual disability, including difficulty with reading or spelling. Less common features…

Metatropic dysplasia is a skeletal disorder characterized by short stature, shortened arms and legs, and a long narrow chest. The signs and symptoms of this condition can vary from life threatening to mild. Signs and symptoms may include worsening abnormal curvature of the spine (scoliosis and kyphosis), flattening of the bones of the spine (platyspondyly),…

Chromosome 13q duplication is a chromosome abnormality that occurs when there is an extra (duplicated) copy of genetic material on the long arm (q) of chromosome 13. The severity of the condition and the signs and symptoms depend on the size and location of the duplication and which genes are involved. Features that often occur in…

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 94090 Definition Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 2 (PHP2) is a type of pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP; see this term) characterized by resistance to parathyroid hormone (PTH), which manifests with hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia and elevated PTH levels, absence of Albright’s hereditary…

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The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 1597 Definition A partial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 17 characterized by hypotonia, growth delay, severe global developmental delay, microcephaly, seizures, congenital heart anomalies, hand and foot anomalies (syndactyly, symphalangism) and dysmorphic facial…

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Chromosome 1q41-q42 deletion syndrome is characterized by a small, but variable deletion in a particular place on the long arm of one copy of chromosome 1, usually spanning several genes. There have been variable features described in the literature, and individuals have ranged from being mildly to severely affected.[1][2] Features may include poor feeding in infancy; developmental delay including…

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Mosaic trisomy 8 is a chromosomal abnormality that can affect many parts of the body. In individuals with mosaic trisomy 8, some of the body’s cells have three copies of chromosome 8 (trisomy), while other cells have the usual two copies of this chromosome. The signs and symptoms vary, but may include distinctive facial features; intellectual disability;…

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The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 79447 Definition X-linked lethal multiple pterygium syndrome is a rare, genetic, developmental defect during embryogenesis characterized by the typical lethal multiple pterygium syndrome presentation (comprising of multiple pterygia, severe arthrogryposis, cleft palate, cystic hygromata and/or…

Chromosome 9p deletion is a chromosome abnormality that occurs when there is a missing (deleted) copy of genetic material on the short arm (p) of chromosome 9. The severity and the signs and symptoms depend on the size and location of the deletion and which genes are involved. Features may affect many parts of the body and may include…

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Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is a condition that affects different parts of the body, particularly the skin. Symptoms of the condition may include progressive swelling and tightening of the skin, sometimes resulting in contractures, and pruritis (itching). The skin findings are similar to those seen in patients with scleroderma. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis was first described in 1997.[1] Being exposed to gadolinium-containing contrast…

Neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis caused by citrin deficiency (NICCD) is a liver condition is also known as neonatal-onset type II citrullinemia. NICCD blocks the flow of bile (a digestive fluid produced by the liver) and prevents the body from processing certain nutrients properly. This leads to transient intrahepatic cholestasis and variable liver dysfunction in children younger than one year of…

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The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 64754 Definition A rare, syndromic nevus characterized by the association of typically unilateral, closely arranged, linear, slightly elevated, multiple, nevus comedonicus lesions located usually on the face, neck, trunk or limbs (with or without a…

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The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 85136 Definition Cystic leukoencephalopathy without megalencephaly is characterised by non-progressive leukoencephalopathy, bilateral cysts in the anterior part of the temporal lobe, cerebral white matter anomalies and severe psychomotor impairment. Less than 50 patients have been…

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The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 141007 Definition Oral-facial-digital syndrome, type 9 is characterized by highly arched palate with bifid tongue and bilateral supernumerary lower canines, hamartomatous tongue, multiple frenula, hypertelorism, telecanthus, strabismus, broad and/or bifid nasal tip, short stature, bifid…

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The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 217012 Definition An autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia type III that is characterized by the late-onset of ataxia, dysarthria and horizontal gaze nystagmus, and that is occasionally accompanied by pyramidal signs, tremor, decreased vibration sense and…

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 2786 Definition Osteoporosis-oculocutaneous hypopigmentation syndrome is characterised by osteoporosis and congenital oculocutaneous hypopigmentation. Three cases have been described in the literature. The mode of inheritance appears to be autosomal recessive. Visit the Orphanet disease page…

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Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita is an inherited disorder of bone growth that affects the bones of the spine and ends of the long bones in the arms and legs. Features of this condition include short stature (dwarfism); a very short trunk and neck; abnormal curvature of the spine; barrel-shaped chest; shortened limbs; an abnormality of the…

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 1528 Definition Craniotelencephalic dysplasia is an extremely rare, genetic developmental defect during embryogenesis syndrome characterized by craniosynostosis with frontal encephalocele and various additional brain anomalies (severe hydrocephalus, agenesis of the corpus callosum, lissencephaly and polymicrogyria,…

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The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 93358 Definition Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia-short limb-abnormal calcification syndrome is a rare, genetic primary bone dysplasia disorder characterized by disproportionate short stature with shortening of upper and lower limbs, short and broad fingers with short hands, narrowed…

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Sprengel deformity is a congenital condition characterized by abnormal development and elevation of the shoulder blade (scapula).[1] Severity can range considerably from being almost invisible when covered with clothes, to the shoulder being elevated over 5 centimeters, with neck webbing.[2] Signs and symptoms may include a lump in the back of the base of the…

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Intrinsic factor deficiency is a rare condition that is characterized by pernicious anemia and neurological abnormalities. Most affected people develop signs and symptoms of the condition before age 5 years which may include failure to thrive and symptoms related to anemia (i.e. fatigue, pale skin, etc). Without early diagnosis and treatment, nervous system damage may…

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Pachyonychia congenita (PC) is a rare inherited condition that primarily affects the nails and skin. The fingernails and toenails may be thickened and abnormally shaped. Affected people can also develop painful calluses and blisters on the soles of their feet and less frequently on the palms of their hands (palmoplantar keratoderma). Additional features include white patches on the tongue and inside of the…

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The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 79102 Definition Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) is a rare neurological disease characterized by recurrent episodes of paralysis and hypokalemia during a thyrotoxic state. Epidemiology It is most common in Asian males (with male-to-female ratios ranging…

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 2709 Definition Oculodental syndrome, Rutherfurd type is a rare genetic disorder that is primarily characterized by the classical triad of gingival fibromatosis, non-eruption of tooth and corneal dystrophy (bilateral corneal vascularization and opacity). Abnormally shaped…

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Legg-Calve-Perthes disease (LCPD) occurs when blood supply to the ball of the thighbone in the hip (femoral head) is disrupted. Without an adequate blood supply, the bone cells die.[1] LCPD usually occurs in children between the ages of 4 and 10.[2] Early symptoms may include limping; pain in the hip, thigh or knee; and reduced range of…

VACTERL association is a non-random association of birth defects that affects multiple parts of the body. The term VACTERL is an acronym with each letter representing the first letter of one of the more common findings seen in affected individuals: (V) = vertebral abnormalities; (A) = anal atresia; (C) = cardiac (heart) defects; (T) = tracheal…

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The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 2220 Definition Hypertrichosis cubiti is a rare hair anomaly characterized by symmetrical, congenital or early-onset, bilateral hypertrychosis localized on the externsor surfaces of the upper extremities (especially the elbows). Short stature, or other abnormalities, such…

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The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 178540 Definition A rare, indolent primary cutaneous Bcell lymphoma characterized by a solitary or grouped erythematous plaques or tumors, preferentially located on the head, neck or trunk region, and composed of centroblasts and centrocytes arranged…

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a severe, respiratory disease caused by infection with a hantavirus. People can become infected with a hantavirus through contact with hantavirus-infected rodents or their saliva, urine and/or droppings. Early symptoms universally include fatigue, fever and muscle aches (especially in the thighs, hips, and/or back), and sometimes include headaches, dizziness, chills,…

Cutaneous-skeletal hypophosphatemia syndrome (CSHS) is a rare condition that primarily affects the bones and skin. People with this condition have skeletal dysplasia and a variety of skin abnormalities such as epidermal nevi (an overgrowth of the top layer of skin) and moles. Other common features include hypophosphatemia which can be associated with bone pain, limb…

Hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis (HCHWA) is a neurological condition in which an abnormal protein (amyloid) builds up in the walls of the arteries of the brain (and less frequently, veins). This process is known as amyloid deposition, which can lead to strokes, seizures, neurological deficits, cognitive decline, and dementia. Symptoms usually present before the 5th…

A cystic hygroma is a fluid-filled sac that results from a blockage in the lymphatic system. It is most commonly located in the neck or head area, but can be located anywhere in the body. It may be discovered in a fetus during a pregnancy ultrasound, or it may be apparent at birth as a soft bulge…

Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with hypothyroidism and ciliary dyskinesia is a rare condition characterized by alopecia (hair loss); nail dystrophy (abnormal development of the nails); ophthalmic (eye-related) complications; thyroid dysfunction (primary hypothyroidism); hypohidrosis; ephelides (freckles); enteropathy (disease of the intestine); and respiratory tract infections due to ciliary dyskinesia.[1] These features have lead to the acronym ANOTHER syndrome…

Dopamine transporter deficiency syndrome (DTDS) is a rare movement disorder that causes progressive (worsening) dystonia and parkinsonism. It usually begins in infancy (‘classic DTDS’) and for this reason, it is also known as ‘infantile parkinsonism dystonia.’ However, some people with DTDS may not develop symptoms until childhood or later (which is known as ‘atypical DTDS’).[1][2][3] The dystonia in DTDS…

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 2549 Definition Oculoauriculovertebral spectrum (OAVS) with radial defects is a rare branchial arches and limb primordia development disorder characterized by variable degrees of unior bilateral craniofacial malformation and radial defects that result in extremely variable…

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Abetalipoproteinemia is a very rare condition that affects fat and vitamin absorption by the intestines and liver, leading to very low LDL-cholesterol and malnutrition. Early symptoms of this condition include diarrhea, vomiting, and poor growth. Without treatment, later complications may include muscle weakness, poor night and color vision, tremors, and speech difficulties.[1][2] The long-term outcome can…

HMG CoA lyase deficiency is an inherited disorder in which the body cannot process a protein called leucine or make ketones. Ketones are used for energy during periods of fasting. The signs and symptoms of condition usually appear within the first year of life and include episodes of vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, extreme tiredness (lethargy), and weak muscle tone…

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The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 97 Definition Episodic ataxia type 2 (EA2) is the most frequent form of Hereditary episodic ataxia (EA; see this term) characterized by paroxysmal episodes of ataxia lasting hours, with interictal nystagmus and mildly progressive ataxia….

Developmental dysphasia is a language disorder that develops in children. The disorder typically involves difficulties speaking and understanding spoken words. The symptoms cannot be attributed to sensorimotor, intellectual deficits, autism spectrum, or other developmental impairments. Likewise it does not occur as the consequence of an evident brain lesion or as a result of the child’s social environment. Familial cases of developmental dyphasia have been…

Adult-onset immunodeficiency with antiinterferon-gamma autoantibodies is an immunodeficiency disorder. It is associated with susceptibility to disseminated infections (dispersed throughout the body) caused by organisms that typically affect only people with weak immune systems (opportunistic pathogens).[1] People with this disorder produce higher amounts of anti-interferon-gamma autoantibodies. These are specific immune system proteins that mistakenly target a person’s…

Split spinal cord malformation (SSCM) is a rare form of spinal dysraphism in which a person is born with splitting, or duplication, of the spinal cord. It may be characterized by complete or incomplete division of the spinal cord, resulting in two ‘hemicords.’ There are two types of SSCM. In type I, each hemicord has…

Gianotti Crosti syndrome (GCS) is a rare childhood skin condition characterized by a papular rash with blisters on the skin of the legs, buttocks, and arms. It typically affects children between 9 months and 9 years of age. Skin lesions typically last at least 10 days and often last for several weeks. The lesions are…

Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD) deficiency is a very rare condition that can vary in age of onset, symptoms and severity. The condition may be characterized by early-onset lactic acidosis and delayed development (most commonly); later-onset neurological dysfunction; or adult-onset isolated liver disease. Signs and symptoms may include lactic acidosis shortly after birth; hypotonia and lethargy in…

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Epilepsy with myoclonic-atonic seizures is a rare epilepsy syndrome of early childhood. It is characterized by seizures of many different types, most often myoclonicatonic, astatic, or generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Seizures can be followed by drop attacks, which can lead to falls and injuries. Absence seizures may occur. People with the condition may experience several seizures…

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 973 Definition Congenital absence/hypoplasia of fingers excluding thumb, unilateral is a rare, non-syndromic, terminal transverse limb reduction defect characterized by unilateral absence of the terminal portions of digits 2 to 5, with a mildly hypoplastic…

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 41 Definition A rare genodermatosis characterised by the presence of hyperpigmented and hypopigmented macules, principally located on the extremities and limbs. Clinical description The first manifestations of the disease generally appear during early childhood. Etiology…

Adenosine monophosphate deaminase 1 (AMPD1) deficiency is an inherited condition that can affect the muscles used for movement (skeletal muscles). Many people with AMPD1 deficiency do not have symptoms. People who do have symptoms typically have muscle pain (myalgia), cramping, and weakness after exercise, and often get tired faster than others. Some affected people appear to…

Kenny-Caffey syndrome type 2 is a genetic disorder that affects the skeleton, head, and eyes. It causes frequent episodes of low blood calcium (hypocalcemia). This syndrome is caused by changes (pathogenic variants) in the FAM111A gene and is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. Treatment often includes calcium and vitamin D supplements and addressing any medical issues as…

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SeSAME syndrome is characterized by Seizures, Sensorineural deafness, Ataxia (lack of muscle coordination), intellectual (Mental) disability, and Electrolyte imbalance (low levels of potassium and magnesium in the blood, hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia, and metabolic alkalosis). It may also be known as EAST syndrome (Epilepsy, Ataxia, Sensorineural deafness, and Tubulopathy (kidney problems in the structures known as tubules)).[1] Seizures tend…

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Ainhum is the autoamputation of a finger or toe as a result of a fibrotic band that constricts the finger or toe until it falls off. Ainhum most often affects the fifth toe on both feet. Ainhum is believed to be triggered by some sort of trauma, but the exact reason why it happens is not…

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis occurs when certain white blood cells known as eosinophils get into the digestive tract and cause damage. Symptoms of eosinophilic gastroenteritis usually start in adulthood and may include stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, and the inability to absorb nutrients from food. Sometimes, a blockage in the intestines occurs. In most people, symptoms occur from time…

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 2513 Definition Microcephaly albinism digital anomalies syndrome is a very rare syndrome associating microcephaly, micrognathia, oculocutaneous albinism, hypoplasia of the distal phalanx of fingers and agenesia of the distal end of the right big toe….

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 166063 Definition Pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 4 (PCH4) is a very rare form of PCH (see this term), characterized by prenatal onset of polyhydramnios and contractures followed by hypertonia, severe clonus, primary hypoventilation leading to an…

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The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 79280 Definition A very rare mild adult type of NAGA deficiency with the features of angiokeratoma corporis diffusum and mild sensory neuropathy. Epidemiology Prevalence of this disorder is not known but less than 20 cases…

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Familial transthyretin amyloidosis (FTA) is a rare inherited condition characterized by abnormal build-up of a protein called amyloid in the body’s organs and tissues.[1][2] Symptoms start in adulthood and get worse over time. Signs and symptoms depend on where the amyloid protein is building up.[1] Amyloid build-up in the nerves of the peripheral nervous system…

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 1778 Definition Facial dysmorphism-shawl scrotum-joint laxity syndrome is characterised by facial dysmorphism (hypertelorism, telecanthus, downslanting palpebral fissures, ptosis, malar hypoplasia, broad nasal bridge, thin upper lip, smooth philtrum, and low-set prominent ears) and associated with…

Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS) is a disorder of sex development that affects the growing reproductive and genital organs of a fetus.[1][2] Androgen insensitivity refers to the inability of the body of an individual with a 46, XY karyotype (usually leading to normal male development) to properly respond to male sex hormones (androgens).[2] In PAIS,…

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 91498 Definition Familial congenital palsy of trochlear nerve is a rare, genetic, neuro-ophthalmological disease characterized by congenital fourth cranial nerve palsy, manifesting with hypertropia in side gaze, unexplained head tilt, acquired vertical diplopia, and progressive…